Vol. 1 No. 19 (2021): Journal of Leadership and Management
Articles
Innovation-Centric Organizational Community (IOC) Lessons from the Makerspace Movement
Ronald C. Williams
Published
March 20, 2022
Keywords
- organizational community,
- innovation,
- social identity theory,
- social belongingness theory
How to Cite
Williams, R. C., & Covington, E. N. (2022). Innovation-Centric Organizational Community (IOC) Lessons from the Makerspace Movement. Journal of Leadership and Management, 1(19). Retrieved from http://www.leadership.net.pl/JLM/article/view/212
Copyright (c) 2022 Author & JLM
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Abstract
The demand for innovative, solutions-oriented approaches to closing learning competency gaps is leading to the recasting of organizations as learning communities that extend beyond traditional organizational boundaries. In addition, the emerging learning communities are focused on the affective learning domain as the new frontier for improving productivity and sustainable growth.
A state-of-the-art, 34,000 square feet, urban community makerspace is the subject of an exploratory case analysis. Results show the value of developing an innovation-centric organizational community (IOC) that demonstrates focused attention on affective learning processes.
Social identity, social belongingness, and process innovation theories are used as frameworks for examining the emerging organizational community in Open Works Baltimore. The article draws on data from multiple sources to discuss a process innovation model for advancing belongingness, acceptance, and relational intelligence. The conclusions serve as a foundation for further research.
References
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Andersson, L. M., and Pearson, C. M. (1999), “Tit for Tat? The Spiraling Effect of Incivility in the Workplace.” Academy of Management Review, 24(3), pp. 452–471.
Avramchuk, A. S. (2017). “Building Positive Organizational Communities: Communal Leadership at Work.” Graziadio Business Review, 20(2), pp. 1–6.
Barrett, T., Pizzico, M., Levy, B. D., Nagel, R. L., Linsey, J. S., Talley, K. G., Forest, C. R. and Newsletter, W. C. (2015). A Review of University Maker Spaces. Georgia Institute of Technology.
Baumeister, R. F., and Leary, M. R. (1995). “The Need to Belong: Desire for Interpersonal Attachments as a Fundamental Human Motivation.” Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), p. 497–529.
Baumeister, R. F., and Vohs, K. D. (2007). “Self-Regulation, Ego Depletion, and Motivation.” Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 1(1), pp. 115–128.
Baumeister, R. F., Twenge, J. M. and Nuss, C. K. (2002). “Effects of Social Exclusion on Cognitive Processes: Anticipated Aloneness Reduces Intelligent Thought.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(4), pp. 817–827.
Beharry, A. K., and Fai Pun, K. (2020). “Contextual Analysis of Innovation Process Models Toward the Fourth Industrial Revolution.” West Indian Journal of Engineering, 43(1), pp. 43–54.
Bowlby, J. (1969) “Attachment and Loss: Volume 1, Attachment. Harmondsworth: Penguin
Bughin J., Hazan E., Lund S., Dahlström P., Wiesinger A., and Subramaniam A. (2018). “Skill Shift: Automation and the Future of the Workforce.” McKinsey Global Institute. Retrieved from: https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/future-of-work/skill-shift-automation-and-the-future-of-the-workforce
Burke, J. J. (2014). Makerspaces: A Practical Guide for Librarians, Vol. 8, Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.
Carlson, L. E., and J. F. Sullivan. (2006). “A Multi-Disciplinary Design Environment.” ASME 2006 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference, pp. 835–840.
Chell E., Nicolopoulou K. and Karataş-Özkan M. (2010). “Social Entrepreneurship and Enterprise: International and Innovation Perspectives.” Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 22(6), pp. 485–493.
Chikwendu T. (2021). “Remembering Black Wall Street.” Afro, April 16, 2021. Retrieved from: https://afro.com/remembering-black-wall-street-2/.
Chuang L-M. (2007). “The Social Psychology of Creativity and Innovation: Process Theory (Pt) Perspective.” Social Behavior & Personality: An International Journal, 35(7), pp. 875–888.
Citi GPS: Global Perspectives & Solutions. (2020). “Closing the Racial Inequity Gaps: The Economic Cost of Racial Inequality in the U.S.” Retrieved from: https://www.etsu.edu/afam/documents/citi-economic-inequality.pdf.
Cockshaw, W. D., Shochet, I. M., and Obst, P. L. (2014). “Depression and Belongingness in General and Workplace Contexts: A Cross-Lagged Longitudinal Investigation.” Journal of Social & Clinical Psychology, 33(5), pp. 448–462: https://doi-org.proxy-cs.researchport.umd.edu/10.1521/jscp.2014.33.5.448.
Covington, E. (2018). “Creating a Diamond in the Rough: An Evaluation of Sustainable Business Opportunities for Inner City Communities.” Journal of Leadership and Management, 12, pp. 67–73.
Cropley, D., and Cropley, A. (2012). “A Psychological Taxonomy of Organizational Innovation: Resolving the Paradoxes.” Creativity Research Journal, 24(1), pp. 29–40: https://doi-org.proxy-cs.researchport.umd.edu/10.1080/10400419.2012.649234.
Davis, K. (1949). Human Society. New York: The Macmillan Company.
Dees, J. G. (1998). “Enterprising Nonprofits.” Harvard Business Review, 76, pp. 54–69.
Durkheim, É. (1995). The Elementary Forms of Religious Life. New York: The Free Press.
Etzioni, A. (1996). “The Responsive Community: A Communitarian Perspective.” American Sociological Review, 61(1), pp. 1–11.
Forest, C. R., Moore, R. A., Jariwala, A. S., Fasse, B. B., Linsey, J., Newstetter, W., Ngo, P., and Quintero, C. (2014). “The Invention Studio: A University Maker Space and Culture.” Advances in Engineering Education, 4(2), pp. 1–32.
Fløysand, A., and Jakobsen, S. E. (2011). “The Complexity of Innovation: A Relational Turn.” Progress in Human Geography, 35(3), pp. 328–344: https://doi-org.proxy-cs.researchport.umd.edu/10.1177/0309132510376257.
Gainforth, H. L., Latimer-Cheung, A. E., Athanasopoulos, P., Moore, S., and Martin Ginis, K. A. (2014). “The Role of Interpersonal Communication in the Process of Knowledge Mobilization Within a Community-Based Organization: A Network Analysis.” Implementation Science, 9(1), pp. 1–16: https://doi-org.proxy-cs.researchport.umd.edu/10.1186/1748-5908-9-59.
Gkorezis, P., Kalampouka, P., and Petridou, E. (2013). “The Mediating Role of Belongingness in the Relationship between Workplace Incivility and Thriving.” International Journal of Employment Studies, 21(2), pp. 63–78.
Godin, B. (2008). “In the Shadow of Schumpeter: W. Rupert Maclaurin and the Study of Technological Innovation.” Minerva: A Review of Science, Learning & Policy, 46(3), pp. 343–360: https://doi-org.proxy-cs.researchport.umd.edu/10.1007/s11024-008-9100-4.
Griffin, O. H., and S. Cortes. (2006). “A Learning Space of, by, and for Engineers: Virginia Tech’s Joseph F. Ware, Jr. Advanced Engineering Laboratory.” ASME 2006 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference, pp. 841–848.
Hagerty, B. M. K., and Patusky, K. (1995). “Developing a Measure of Sense of Belonging.” Nursing Research, 44, pp. 9–13.
Hecker, A. (2017). “The Intrapreneurial Nature of Organizational Innovation: Toward a New Process Model.” International Journal of Innovation, 5(3), pp. 375–398.
Joshi, R. G., Chelliah, J., Sood, S., and Burdon, S. (2016). “Nature and Spirit of Exchange and Interpersonal Relationships Fostering Grassroots Innovations.” Journal of Developing Areas, 50(6), pp. 399–409.
Kast, F. E., and Rosenzweig, J. E. (1973). Contingency Views of Organization and Management. Chicago: Science Research Associates.
Light, P. C. (2006). “Reshaping Social Entrepreneurship.” Stanford Social Innovation Review, 4(3), pp. 47–51.
McClure, J., and Brown, J. (2008). “Belonging at Work.” Human Resource Development International, 11(1), pp. 3–17.
Morgan, G. (1986). Images of Organization. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications.
O’Reilly, C., and Binns, A. J. M. (2019). “The Three Stages of Disruptive Innovation: Idea Generation, Incubation, and Scaling.” California Management Review, 61(3), pp. 49–71.
O’Reilly, J. and Robinson, S. L. (2009). “The Negative Impact of Ostracism on Thwarted Belongingness and Workplace Contributions.” Academy of Management Proceedings, 1.
Pallagst, K., R. Fleschurz, and S. Said. (2017). “What Drives Planning in a Shrinking City? Tales from Two German and Two American Cases.” Town Planning Review, 88(1), pp. 15–28.
Parsons, T. (1966). Societies; Evolutionary and Comparative Perspectives. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.
Pearson, C. M, and Porath, C. L. (2005). “On the Nature, Consequences and Remedies of Workplace Incivility: No Time for ‘Nice’? Think Again.” The Academy of Management Executive, 19(1), pp. 7–18.
Pearson, C. M., Andersson, L. M., and Porath, C. L. (2000). “Assessing and Attacking Workplace Incivility.” Organizational Dynamics, 29(2), p. 123.
Reaiche, C., de Zubielqui, G. C., and Boyle, S. (2016). “Deciphering Innovation Across Cultures.” Journal of Developing Areas, 50(6), pp. 57–68.
Sheridan, K., E. R. Halverson, B. Litts, L. Brahms, L. Jacobs-Priebe, and T. Owens. (2014). “Learning in the Making: A Comparative Case Study of Three Makerspaces.” Harvard Educational Review, 84(4), pp. 505–531.
The Afro-American, June 13, 1896, p.1. Maryland State Archives, BALTIMORE CITY SUPERIOR COURT (Charter Record), Lib.33/Fol. 203, T-2357, May 10, 1895; The Baltimore Morning Herald, March 10, 1897, p. 11.
Tönnies, F., C. P. Loomis. (1957). Community & Society (Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft). East Lansing: Michigan State University Press.
U.S. Census Bureau (2019). Food Stamp/Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, 2019 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimate Subject Table. Retrieved fromhttps://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=American%20Community%20Survey&t=Income%20and%20Poverty&g=0500000US24510_8600000US21202&tid=ACSST1Y2019.S2201&hidePreview=true.
Valcke, B., Van Hiel, A., Van Assche, J., Van Roey, T., Onraet, E., and Roets, A. (2020). “The Need for Inclusion: The Relationships Between Relational and Collective Inclusion Needs and Psychological Well-and Ill-Being.” European Journal of Social Psychology, 50(3), pp. 579–596.
Van den Broeck A., Vansteenkiste M., De Witte H., Soenens B., Lens W. (2010). “Capturing Autonomy, Competence, and Relatedness At Work: Construction and Initial Validation of the Work-Related Basic Need Satisfaction Scale.” Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 83(4), pp. 981–1002.
Van Holm, E. J. (2015). “Makerspaces and Contributions to Entrepreneurship.” Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 195, pp. 24–31.
Wilczynski, V. (2015). “Academic Maker Spaces and Engineering Design.” American Society for Engineering Education, 26, p. 1.
Sherif, M., Harvey, O. J., White, B. J., Hood, W. R., and Sherif, C. W. (1961). Intergroup Conflict and Cooperation: The Robbers Cave Experiment, Vol. 10. Norman: University Book Exchange.
Bloom. (ed.) (1956). Taxonomy of Educational Objectives: The Classification of Educational Goals. Handbook I: Cognitive Domain. New York: Longman.
Krathwohl, D. R., Bloom, B. S., Masia, B. B. (1973). Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, the Classification of Educational Goals. Handbook II: Affective Domain. New York: David McKay Co., Inc.
Williams, R. “Ingepreneurship: A Trust Framework for Facilitating Urban Economic Growth and Socioeconomic Advancement.” 14th European Conference on Innovation and Entrepreneurship, September 19-20, 2019, Kalamata, Greece.
Williams, R. Vass, D. (2019). “Turning Makerspaces into Greater Places: Organizational Assessment and Economic Impact Study of Open Works.” Retrieved from: https://www.openworksbmore.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/OW-CoppinState-Report.pdf.
Williams, R., Holman, W., Fuchs, J. (2020) “A Makerspaces’ Rapid Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic.” Retrieved from: https://www.greaterspacesandplaces.com/.
World Economic Forum. (2020). “The Reskilling Revolution: Better Skills, Better Jobs, Better Education for a Billion People by 2030.” Retrieved from: https://www.weforum.org/press/2020/01/the-reskilling-revolution-better-skills-better-jobs-better-education-for-a-billion-people-by-2030/.
Yin, R. K. (1989). Case Study Research: Design and Methods. Newbury Park: Sage Publication.
Yin, R. K. (2018). Case Study Research and Applications: Design and Methods. Los Angeles: SAGE.
Anderson C. (2012). Makers: The New Industrial Revolution. Random House.
Andersson, L. M., and Pearson, C. M. (1999), “Tit for Tat? The Spiraling Effect of Incivility in the Workplace.” Academy of Management Review, 24(3), pp. 452–471.
Avramchuk, A. S. (2017). “Building Positive Organizational Communities: Communal Leadership at Work.” Graziadio Business Review, 20(2), pp. 1–6.
Barrett, T., Pizzico, M., Levy, B. D., Nagel, R. L., Linsey, J. S., Talley, K. G., Forest, C. R. and Newsletter, W. C. (2015). A Review of University Maker Spaces. Georgia Institute of Technology.
Baumeister, R. F., and Leary, M. R. (1995). “The Need to Belong: Desire for Interpersonal Attachments as a Fundamental Human Motivation.” Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), p. 497–529.
Baumeister, R. F., and Vohs, K. D. (2007). “Self-Regulation, Ego Depletion, and Motivation.” Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 1(1), pp. 115–128.
Baumeister, R. F., Twenge, J. M. and Nuss, C. K. (2002). “Effects of Social Exclusion on Cognitive Processes: Anticipated Aloneness Reduces Intelligent Thought.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(4), pp. 817–827.
Beharry, A. K., and Fai Pun, K. (2020). “Contextual Analysis of Innovation Process Models Toward the Fourth Industrial Revolution.” West Indian Journal of Engineering, 43(1), pp. 43–54.
Bowlby, J. (1969) “Attachment and Loss: Volume 1, Attachment. Harmondsworth: Penguin
Bughin J., Hazan E., Lund S., Dahlström P., Wiesinger A., and Subramaniam A. (2018). “Skill Shift: Automation and the Future of the Workforce.” McKinsey Global Institute. Retrieved from: https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/future-of-work/skill-shift-automation-and-the-future-of-the-workforce
Burke, J. J. (2014). Makerspaces: A Practical Guide for Librarians, Vol. 8, Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.
Carlson, L. E., and J. F. Sullivan. (2006). “A Multi-Disciplinary Design Environment.” ASME 2006 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference, pp. 835–840.
Chell E., Nicolopoulou K. and Karataş-Özkan M. (2010). “Social Entrepreneurship and Enterprise: International and Innovation Perspectives.” Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 22(6), pp. 485–493.
Chikwendu T. (2021). “Remembering Black Wall Street.” Afro, April 16, 2021. Retrieved from: https://afro.com/remembering-black-wall-street-2/.
Chuang L-M. (2007). “The Social Psychology of Creativity and Innovation: Process Theory (Pt) Perspective.” Social Behavior & Personality: An International Journal, 35(7), pp. 875–888.
Citi GPS: Global Perspectives & Solutions. (2020). “Closing the Racial Inequity Gaps: The Economic Cost of Racial Inequality in the U.S.” Retrieved from: https://www.etsu.edu/afam/documents/citi-economic-inequality.pdf.
Cockshaw, W. D., Shochet, I. M., and Obst, P. L. (2014). “Depression and Belongingness in General and Workplace Contexts: A Cross-Lagged Longitudinal Investigation.” Journal of Social & Clinical Psychology, 33(5), pp. 448–462: https://doi-org.proxy-cs.researchport.umd.edu/10.1521/jscp.2014.33.5.448.
Covington, E. (2018). “Creating a Diamond in the Rough: An Evaluation of Sustainable Business Opportunities for Inner City Communities.” Journal of Leadership and Management, 12, pp. 67–73.
Cropley, D., and Cropley, A. (2012). “A Psychological Taxonomy of Organizational Innovation: Resolving the Paradoxes.” Creativity Research Journal, 24(1), pp. 29–40: https://doi-org.proxy-cs.researchport.umd.edu/10.1080/10400419.2012.649234.
Davis, K. (1949). Human Society. New York: The Macmillan Company.
Dees, J. G. (1998). “Enterprising Nonprofits.” Harvard Business Review, 76, pp. 54–69.
Durkheim, É. (1995). The Elementary Forms of Religious Life. New York: The Free Press.
Etzioni, A. (1996). “The Responsive Community: A Communitarian Perspective.” American Sociological Review, 61(1), pp. 1–11.
Forest, C. R., Moore, R. A., Jariwala, A. S., Fasse, B. B., Linsey, J., Newstetter, W., Ngo, P., and Quintero, C. (2014). “The Invention Studio: A University Maker Space and Culture.” Advances in Engineering Education, 4(2), pp. 1–32.
Fløysand, A., and Jakobsen, S. E. (2011). “The Complexity of Innovation: A Relational Turn.” Progress in Human Geography, 35(3), pp. 328–344: https://doi-org.proxy-cs.researchport.umd.edu/10.1177/0309132510376257.
Gainforth, H. L., Latimer-Cheung, A. E., Athanasopoulos, P., Moore, S., and Martin Ginis, K. A. (2014). “The Role of Interpersonal Communication in the Process of Knowledge Mobilization Within a Community-Based Organization: A Network Analysis.” Implementation Science, 9(1), pp. 1–16: https://doi-org.proxy-cs.researchport.umd.edu/10.1186/1748-5908-9-59.
Gkorezis, P., Kalampouka, P., and Petridou, E. (2013). “The Mediating Role of Belongingness in the Relationship between Workplace Incivility and Thriving.” International Journal of Employment Studies, 21(2), pp. 63–78.
Godin, B. (2008). “In the Shadow of Schumpeter: W. Rupert Maclaurin and the Study of Technological Innovation.” Minerva: A Review of Science, Learning & Policy, 46(3), pp. 343–360: https://doi-org.proxy-cs.researchport.umd.edu/10.1007/s11024-008-9100-4.
Griffin, O. H., and S. Cortes. (2006). “A Learning Space of, by, and for Engineers: Virginia Tech’s Joseph F. Ware, Jr. Advanced Engineering Laboratory.” ASME 2006 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference, pp. 841–848.
Hagerty, B. M. K., and Patusky, K. (1995). “Developing a Measure of Sense of Belonging.” Nursing Research, 44, pp. 9–13.
Hecker, A. (2017). “The Intrapreneurial Nature of Organizational Innovation: Toward a New Process Model.” International Journal of Innovation, 5(3), pp. 375–398.
Joshi, R. G., Chelliah, J., Sood, S., and Burdon, S. (2016). “Nature and Spirit of Exchange and Interpersonal Relationships Fostering Grassroots Innovations.” Journal of Developing Areas, 50(6), pp. 399–409.
Kast, F. E., and Rosenzweig, J. E. (1973). Contingency Views of Organization and Management. Chicago: Science Research Associates.
Light, P. C. (2006). “Reshaping Social Entrepreneurship.” Stanford Social Innovation Review, 4(3), pp. 47–51.
McClure, J., and Brown, J. (2008). “Belonging at Work.” Human Resource Development International, 11(1), pp. 3–17.
Morgan, G. (1986). Images of Organization. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications.
O’Reilly, C., and Binns, A. J. M. (2019). “The Three Stages of Disruptive Innovation: Idea Generation, Incubation, and Scaling.” California Management Review, 61(3), pp. 49–71.
O’Reilly, J. and Robinson, S. L. (2009). “The Negative Impact of Ostracism on Thwarted Belongingness and Workplace Contributions.” Academy of Management Proceedings, 1.
Pallagst, K., R. Fleschurz, and S. Said. (2017). “What Drives Planning in a Shrinking City? Tales from Two German and Two American Cases.” Town Planning Review, 88(1), pp. 15–28.
Parsons, T. (1966). Societies; Evolutionary and Comparative Perspectives. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.
Pearson, C. M, and Porath, C. L. (2005). “On the Nature, Consequences and Remedies of Workplace Incivility: No Time for ‘Nice’? Think Again.” The Academy of Management Executive, 19(1), pp. 7–18.
Pearson, C. M., Andersson, L. M., and Porath, C. L. (2000). “Assessing and Attacking Workplace Incivility.” Organizational Dynamics, 29(2), p. 123.
Reaiche, C., de Zubielqui, G. C., and Boyle, S. (2016). “Deciphering Innovation Across Cultures.” Journal of Developing Areas, 50(6), pp. 57–68.
Sheridan, K., E. R. Halverson, B. Litts, L. Brahms, L. Jacobs-Priebe, and T. Owens. (2014). “Learning in the Making: A Comparative Case Study of Three Makerspaces.” Harvard Educational Review, 84(4), pp. 505–531.
The Afro-American, June 13, 1896, p.1. Maryland State Archives, BALTIMORE CITY SUPERIOR COURT (Charter Record), Lib.33/Fol. 203, T-2357, May 10, 1895; The Baltimore Morning Herald, March 10, 1897, p. 11.
Tönnies, F., C. P. Loomis. (1957). Community & Society (Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft). East Lansing: Michigan State University Press.
U.S. Census Bureau (2019). Food Stamp/Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, 2019 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimate Subject Table. Retrieved fromhttps://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=American%20Community%20Survey&t=Income%20and%20Poverty&g=0500000US24510_8600000US21202&tid=ACSST1Y2019.S2201&hidePreview=true.
Valcke, B., Van Hiel, A., Van Assche, J., Van Roey, T., Onraet, E., and Roets, A. (2020). “The Need for Inclusion: The Relationships Between Relational and Collective Inclusion Needs and Psychological Well-and Ill-Being.” European Journal of Social Psychology, 50(3), pp. 579–596.
Van den Broeck A., Vansteenkiste M., De Witte H., Soenens B., Lens W. (2010). “Capturing Autonomy, Competence, and Relatedness At Work: Construction and Initial Validation of the Work-Related Basic Need Satisfaction Scale.” Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 83(4), pp. 981–1002.
Van Holm, E. J. (2015). “Makerspaces and Contributions to Entrepreneurship.” Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 195, pp. 24–31.
Wilczynski, V. (2015). “Academic Maker Spaces and Engineering Design.” American Society for Engineering Education, 26, p. 1.
Sherif, M., Harvey, O. J., White, B. J., Hood, W. R., and Sherif, C. W. (1961). Intergroup Conflict and Cooperation: The Robbers Cave Experiment, Vol. 10. Norman: University Book Exchange.
Bloom. (ed.) (1956). Taxonomy of Educational Objectives: The Classification of Educational Goals. Handbook I: Cognitive Domain. New York: Longman.
Krathwohl, D. R., Bloom, B. S., Masia, B. B. (1973). Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, the Classification of Educational Goals. Handbook II: Affective Domain. New York: David McKay Co., Inc.
Williams, R. “Ingepreneurship: A Trust Framework for Facilitating Urban Economic Growth and Socioeconomic Advancement.” 14th European Conference on Innovation and Entrepreneurship, September 19-20, 2019, Kalamata, Greece.
Williams, R. Vass, D. (2019). “Turning Makerspaces into Greater Places: Organizational Assessment and Economic Impact Study of Open Works.” Retrieved from: https://www.openworksbmore.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/OW-CoppinState-Report.pdf.
Williams, R., Holman, W., Fuchs, J. (2020) “A Makerspaces’ Rapid Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic.” Retrieved from: https://www.greaterspacesandplaces.com/.
World Economic Forum. (2020). “The Reskilling Revolution: Better Skills, Better Jobs, Better Education for a Billion People by 2030.” Retrieved from: https://www.weforum.org/press/2020/01/the-reskilling-revolution-better-skills-better-jobs-better-education-for-a-billion-people-by-2030/.
Yin, R. K. (1989). Case Study Research: Design and Methods. Newbury Park: Sage Publication.
Yin, R. K. (2018). Case Study Research and Applications: Design and Methods. Los Angeles: SAGE.